Sources
- Caulfield, the SIFT method (Stop, Investigate, Find, Trace)
- Wineburg & McGrew (2017), Stanford History Education Group — lateral reading
- Wardle & Derakhshan (2017), First Draft — information disorder (mis/dis/mal)
- Hasher, Goldstein & Toppino (1977); Fazio et al. (2015) — illusory truth effect
- Out-of-context photos / false context (First Draft)
- Sam Wineburg & Sarah McGrew, Lateral Reading and the Nature of Expertise: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information, manuscript dated 28 July 2018, in press at Teachers College Record — read in full; source of the group sizes (10 PhD historians, 10 professional fact checkers, 25 Stanford undergraduates) and every rubric mean quoted above. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3048994
- Mike Caulfield, Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers (2017), ch. 16, What "Reading Laterally" Means — read in full; quote and chapter number both confirmed verbatim. Original host no longer resolves; read via https://web.archive.org/web/20201111162649/https://webliteracy.pressbooks.com/chapter/what-reading-laterally-means/
Read end to end and corrected: August 10, 2026. Numbers checked: August 10, 2026.